Fort Gaines. Where History
Spans Three Centuries
Dauphin Island and Mobile Bay were mapped as early as 1519 by Alonzo
Pineda. In 1699, the French explorer, Pierre Le Moyne de'Iberville
named it "Massacre" because of a large pile of human skeletons he
discovered. Despite the burial ground, Iberville decided to locate
a colony here because of the abundant timber, reliable supply of fresh
water, and a great harbor. "Massacre Island" soon became the headquarters
for French colonization along the Gulf Coast. The thriving settlement
consisted of a fort, a chapel, government owned warehouses, and many
private homes. But the name "Massacre" seemed too ominous. In 1707,
the French renamed the island in honor of the heir to the French throne:
"Dauphin." During this period the island was capitol of the Louisiana
Territory which equaled almost two thirds of the United States! Although
the colony was able to rebuild from a pirate raid in 1711, a devastating
hurricane six years later almost destroyed the fledgling settlement.
Over the next century, control of Dauphin Island switched from
France to Great Britain and to Spain in 1780. Finally, in 1813 the
United States seized the territory around Mobile Bay. The British
captured Dauphin Island and used it as a proposed campaign against
the city of Mobile. The British took Fort Bowyer on Mobile Point but
they learned the War of 1812 had ended four months earlier. The war
of 1812 proved that America needed adequate defenses for its long
coastline. Construction of a fort on land as part of a comprehensive
system of national defense began in 1821. Problems soon plagued the
project. Engineers sited the fort so close to Mobile Bay that water
actually entered the works at high tide. Worse, the contractors spent
more money than their budget allowed.
Over the next thirty years, the army attempted to renew construction
of the fort. Congress appropriated $20,000 in 1845 but land disputes
prevented any additional work. The army finally gained clear title
to the land in 1853, but Joseph G. Totten, The Chief Engineer, decided
to discontinue construction according to the original plan. Totten
designed a completely new fort, incorporating the most advanced ideas
in military architecture. The fort's plan called for ten guns to be
mounted on top of each of the five walls. Each bastion contained emplacements
for four flank howitzers. The design of the walls with their brick
and sand construction, allowed them to absorb any artillery fire.
A dry moat, crossed by a drawbridge, extended thirty-five feet from
the base of the walls. These features, according to Totten's thinking,
would keep enemy ships out of western Mobile Bay and would resist
an attack from the land side of the fort.
In 1853, Congress named the fortification for General Edmund Pendleton
Gaines who had died in 1849. While still a young officer, Gaines received
national recognition when he led the detachment which captured former
Vice-President Aaron Burr who had been accused of participating in
a conspiracy to commit treason. Gaines' men pursued Burr to the vicinity
of Fort Stoddert in what is now Washington County, Alabama just north
of Mobile. During the War of 1812, Gaines proved to be an able commander.
He received a promotion to the rank of Brigadier General and won lasting
fame for his tenacious defense of Fort Erie. For the next thirty-five
years, Gaines earned the respect of settlers all over the southeast
for his skill in the Indian Wars. He proved to be an honest and adroit
military administrator as he attempted to bring order and discipline
to the troops under his command.
Most of the work on the fort was completed by 1861. The outbreak
of the Civil War then left the remainder of work to the Confederate
States of America, which added the last touches by 1862. The role
of Fort Gaines in the Battle of Mobile Bay, one of the wars most notable
naval conflicts, is detailed on the inside and rear covers of this
brochure.
In 1898 the fort was further modified as a result of the Spanish-American
conflict. Three 6-inch disappearing naval guns and three rapid fire
3-inch naval guns were emplaced. Concrete gun mounts and ammunition
magazines were added to the easterly walls, which eliminated the corner
bastions and rain catches and blocked off the tunnels there.
The gorge bastions, or corner blockhouses, are intricate structures
designed to serve a dual purpose. In addition to the cannon ports
situated in the side walls to guard the approaches to the walls, the
entire roof area of each bastion also held a pattern of catch basins
for rain water. The water was strained through a bed of shells and
sand and carried to several large cisterns beneath the floors and
in the yard.
The bastions are connected to the courtyard by long arched tunnels
which also provide access to the gun ports in the outer walls. The
gorge bastions are inspiring examples of the detailed workmanship
that went into the fort construction. The northwest bastion is preserved
in its original condition. The bricks used in construction were made
by slave labor on Dog River, twenty miles to the north, then barged
to the site. The intricate masonry, all without keystones, shows the
detail and knowledge of symmetry the early brick craftsmen applied
to their work.
Outside the walls in an area to the northwest, 500 feet distant from
the entrance, an array of buildings was constructed, including a sutler's
store, carpenter shop, blacksmith shop, lumber shed, stable, storehouse,
kitchen, mess hall and several small utility buildings. Directly in
front of the gate stood a barracks for troops.
Following the Civil War, a bill was introduced in Congress calling
for the establishmentof a U.S. Naval Academy on Dauphin Island, but
was defeated. The fort served in World War I with a Coastal Artillery
unit garrison manning the disappearing guns. The site also became
an anti-aircraft gunnery school during and following the war.
World War II saw the fort used as a camp site for the Alabama National
Guard and a base for the U.S. Coast Guard stationed there to operate
against enemy submarines prowling the gulf in search of merchant vessels.
Presently the Coast Guard uses its base there to take part in crash
rescue boat operations.
The United States sold Fort Gaines to the City of Mobile in 1926.
The city in turn gave the property to the Alabama Department of Conservation,
which deeded it to the Dauphin Island Park and Beach Board.
Fort Gaines
251/861-6992
51 Bienville Boulevard
Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528
Email:
fortgaines@dauphinisland.org |
|
Fort Gaines Historical
Site
Provided and Maintained by
the Dauphin Island Park and Beach Board
109 Bienville Blvd.
Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528
251/861-3607 |