Over the next thirty years, the army attempted to renew construction of the fort. Congress
appropriated $20,000 in 1845 but land disputes prevented any additional work. The army finally
gained clear title to the land in 1853, but Joseph G. Totten, The Chief Engineer, decided to
discontinue construction according to the original plan. Totten designed a completely new
fort, incorporating the most advanced ideas in military architecture.
The fort's plan called for ten guns to be mounted on top of each of the five walls. Each bastion
contained emplacements for four flank howitzers. The design of the walls with their brick and
sand construction, allowed them to absorb any artillery fire. A dry moat, crossed by a
drawbridge, extended thirty-five feet from the base of the walls. These features, according to
Totten's thinking, would keep enemy ships out of western Mobile Bay and would resist an attack
from the land side of the fort.
Most of the work on the fort was completed by 1861. The outbreak of the Civil War then left the
remainder of work to the Confederate States of America, which added the last touches by 1862.
The role of Fort Gaines in the Battle of Mobile Bay, one of the wars most notable naval conflicts,
is detailed on the inside and rear covers of this brochure.
In 1898 the fort was further modified as a result of the Spanish-American conflict. Three 6-inch
disappearing naval guns and three rapid fire 3-inch naval guns were emplaced. Concrete gun
mounts and ammunition magazines were added to the easterly walls, which eliminated the corner
bastions and rain catches and blocked off the tunnels there.
The gorge bastions, or corner blockhouses, are intricate structures designed to serve a dual
purpose. In addition to the cannon ports situated in the side walls to guard the approaches to
the walls, the entire roof area of each bastion also held a pattern of catch basins for rain
water. The water was strained through a bed of shells and sand and carried to several large
cisterns beneath the floors and in the yard.
The bastions are connected to the courtyard by long arched tunnels which also provide access to
the gun ports in the outer walls. The gorge bastions are inspiring examples of the detailed
workmanship that went into the fort construction. The northwest bastion is preserved in its
original condition. The bricks used in construction were made by slave labor on Dog River,
twenty miles to the north, then barged to the site. The intricate masonry, all without keystones,
shows the detail and knowledge of symmetry the early brick craftsmen applied to their work.
Outside the walls in an area to the northwest, 500 feet distant from the entrance, an array of
buildings was constructed, including a sutler's store, carpenter shop, blacksmith shop, lumber
shed, stable, storehouse, kitchen, mess hall and several small utility buildings. Directly in
front of the gate stood a barracks for troops.
Following the Civil War, a bill was introduced in Congress calling for the establishmentof a U.S.
Naval Academy on Dauphin Island, but was defeated.
The fort served in World War I with a Coastal Artillery unit garrison manning the disappearing
guns. The site also became an anti-aircraft gunnery school during and following the war.
World War II saw the fort used as a camp site for the Alabama National Guard and a base for the
U.S. Coast Guard stationed there to operate against enemy submarines prowling the gulf in search
of merchant vessels. Presently the Coast Guard uses its base there to take part in crash rescue
boat operations.
The United States sold Fort Gaines to the City of Mobile in 1926. The city in turn gave the
property to the Alabama Department of Conservation, which deeded it to the Dauphin Island Park
and Beach Board.
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Dauphin Island and Mobile Bay were mapped as early as 1519 by Alonzo Pineda. In 1699, the French explorer,
Pierre Le Moyne de'Iberville named it "Massacre" because of a large pile of human skeletons he discovered. Despite
the burial ground, Iberville decided to locate a colony here because of the abundant timber,
reliable supply of fresh water, and a great harbor.
"Massacre Island" soon became the headquarters for French colonization along the Gulf Coast.
The thriving settlement consisted of a fort, a chapel, government owned warehouses, and many private homes. But
the name "Massacre" seemed too ominous. In 1707, the French renamed the island in honor of the
heir to the French throne: "Dauphin." During this period the island was capitol of the Louisiana
Territory which equaled almost two thirds of the United States!
Although the colony was able to rebuild from a pirate raid in 1711, a devastating
hurricane six years later almost destroyed the fledgling settlement.
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